Some key features (primarily from users ’ points of view) of 4G mobile networks are as follows:
● High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology;
● Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost;
● Personalization;
● Integrated services.
4G networks will be all-IP-based heterogeneous networks that will allow users to use any system anytime and anywhere. Users carrying an integrated terminal can use a wide range of applications provided by multiple wireless networks.
4G systems will provide not only telecommunications services, but also data and multimedia services. To support multimedia services, high-data-rate services with system reliability will be provided. At the same time, a low per-bit-transmission cost will be maintained by an improved spectral efficiency of the system.
Personalized service will be provided by 4G networks. It is expected that when 4G services are launched, users in widely different locations, occupations, and economic classes will use the services. In order to meet the demands of these diverse users, service providers will design personal and customized service for them. 4G systems will also provide facilities for integrated services. Users can use multiple services from any service provider at the same time.
To migrate current systems to 4G with the above-mentioned features, we have to face a number of challenges.
Source of Information : Elsevier Wireless Networking Complete 2010
Sunday, September 30, 2012
Wednesday, September 26, 2012
4G Vision
The 4G systems are projected to solve the still-remaining problems of 3G systems [1 – 3] . They are designed to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of BWA communication systems, not only cellular systems. 4G is described as MAGIC — Mobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solution, and Customized personal service (see Figure 6.2 ). The 4G systems will not only support the next generation mobile services, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands.
Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructure. The future 4G systems will consist of a set of various networks using IP as a common protocol. 4G systems will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multiple of wireless systems and networks. The key is to integrate the 4G capabilities with all the existing mobile technologies through the advanced techniques of digital communications and networking.
Source of Information : Elsevier Wireless Networking Complete 2010
Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructure. The future 4G systems will consist of a set of various networks using IP as a common protocol. 4G systems will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multiple of wireless systems and networks. The key is to integrate the 4G capabilities with all the existing mobile technologies through the advanced techniques of digital communications and networking.
Source of Information : Elsevier Wireless Networking Complete 2010
Sunday, September 23, 2012
Putting Platform as a Service on a Pedestal
There isn’t only one approach to PaaS. In fact, the lines between Platform as a Service and Infrastructure as a Service can blur as well. But for purposes of getting your head around platforms that help you develop applications in the cloud, we separated Infrastructure as a Service. Platform as a Service has many characteristics worth mentioning.
Consider what all PaaS solutions have in common:
✓ PaaS has to leverage the Internet.
✓ PaaS must offer some type of development language so professional developers (and in some cases users) can add value.
✓ These environments need a way to monitor and measure resource use and to track overall performance of the vendor’s platform.
✓ Almost all PaaS platforms are based on a multi-tenancy architecture (which lets multiple clients run their copy separately from each other through virtualization) so that each customer’s code or data is isolated from others.
✓ A PaaS environment needs to support the development lifecycle and the team development process, including testing.
✓ A PaaS platform needs to include services interfaces such as SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and XML (eXtensible Markup Language), among others.
✓ A PaaS platform must be able to deploy, manage, test, and maintain the developed applications.
✓ A PaaS platform must support well-defined and well-documented interfaces so elements and components can be used in the following:
• Composite applications are created by combining services to create an enterprise application based on orchestration of business logic and rules.
• Portals, which are an organized environment that organizes application components for the customer.
• Mashups, which let end users easily bring together two or more business services that can communicate and exchange data.
Although PaaS platforms have some common characteristics, we think there are some different approaches that are appropriate for different needs. We have divided the environments into three categories:
✓ Integrated lifecycle platform
✓ Anchored lifecycle platform
✓ Enabling technologies as a platform
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010 retail ebook distribution
Consider what all PaaS solutions have in common:
✓ PaaS has to leverage the Internet.
✓ PaaS must offer some type of development language so professional developers (and in some cases users) can add value.
✓ These environments need a way to monitor and measure resource use and to track overall performance of the vendor’s platform.
✓ Almost all PaaS platforms are based on a multi-tenancy architecture (which lets multiple clients run their copy separately from each other through virtualization) so that each customer’s code or data is isolated from others.
✓ A PaaS environment needs to support the development lifecycle and the team development process, including testing.
✓ A PaaS platform needs to include services interfaces such as SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and XML (eXtensible Markup Language), among others.
✓ A PaaS platform must be able to deploy, manage, test, and maintain the developed applications.
✓ A PaaS platform must support well-defined and well-documented interfaces so elements and components can be used in the following:
• Composite applications are created by combining services to create an enterprise application based on orchestration of business logic and rules.
• Portals, which are an organized environment that organizes application components for the customer.
• Mashups, which let end users easily bring together two or more business services that can communicate and exchange data.
Although PaaS platforms have some common characteristics, we think there are some different approaches that are appropriate for different needs. We have divided the environments into three categories:
✓ Integrated lifecycle platform
✓ Anchored lifecycle platform
✓ Enabling technologies as a platform
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010 retail ebook distribution
Wednesday, September 19, 2012
What Infrastructure as a Service Means to You
More and more companies are looking to defray costs and gain flexibility by leveraging infrastructure that can be used on demand. What does this mean to you?
✓ Think about how you’re getting your services.
✓ Understand which services include a set of well-defined interfaces and which ones will lock you in to a complex set of services that will be difficult to move away from.
✓ Know why you’re using a cloud service. For example, if you need some temporary capacity to test a new application, your requirements will be very different than if you’re creating an application that will operate in a cloud.
In addition to understanding potential cloud gains, get familiar with how your infrastructure service provider handles the following capabilities:
✓ Explicitly defines service level agreements for availability, support, and performance (of provisioning more resource)
✓ A utility computing billing arrangement, relating cost to actual resource usage in a measured way
✓ A virtualization environment that enables the configuration of systems (for compute power, bandwidth, and storage) as well as the creation individual virtual machines (all to be available on an ad-hoc basis)
✓ A flexible, extensible, resource-rich environment that’s engineered for secure multi-tenancy (multiple users or tenants running the software in a shared environment on its servers)
✓ Internet connectivity, including a Web services interface to the customer’s management environment
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010
✓ Think about how you’re getting your services.
✓ Understand which services include a set of well-defined interfaces and which ones will lock you in to a complex set of services that will be difficult to move away from.
✓ Know why you’re using a cloud service. For example, if you need some temporary capacity to test a new application, your requirements will be very different than if you’re creating an application that will operate in a cloud.
In addition to understanding potential cloud gains, get familiar with how your infrastructure service provider handles the following capabilities:
✓ Explicitly defines service level agreements for availability, support, and performance (of provisioning more resource)
✓ A utility computing billing arrangement, relating cost to actual resource usage in a measured way
✓ A virtualization environment that enables the configuration of systems (for compute power, bandwidth, and storage) as well as the creation individual virtual machines (all to be available on an ad-hoc basis)
✓ A flexible, extensible, resource-rich environment that’s engineered for secure multi-tenancy (multiple users or tenants running the software in a shared environment on its servers)
✓ Internet connectivity, including a Web services interface to the customer’s management environment
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010
Saturday, September 15, 2012
Trusting the Cloud
A significant amount of nervousness surrounds the prospect of using cloud services. Part of this can be chalked up to unfamiliarity with using cloudbased capability, but some of it is goes much deeper than that.
CSC, the global systems integration company, was quick to recognize this issue and first used the term trusted cloud to define the kind of environment that many organizations would want and expect from a cloud service provider.
The trusted cloud includes services that are
✓ Secure
✓ Transparent of control and result (whether it provides a full customer interface so that you can see how everything functions)
✓ Able to provide evidence that systems operate as advertised (whether it definitely meets the services levels it is supposed to be providing)
An organization might have many concerns in moving systems into an IaaS environment, but these are the primary ones.
Although companies clearly trust their Web sites to cloud providers, they’re much less likely to trust their mission-critical systems to the cloud. Secure cloud data centers exist. In a way, this type of trusted cloud is similar to what outsourcing specialists and managed service providers offer (plus a cloud customer interface that puts the customer directly in control).
Clearly standards will emerge in time so customers can select cloud services without making significant technical changes to either software or data. At the moment, however, no established standards exist, so those organizations moving systems into the cloud need to be concerned not just about the preceding points, but also about overall control of their systems.
The IaaS customer needs to be able to integrate all systems and software running in the cloud with other corporate systems and manage the whole as a single unit. This kind of orchestration of systems is a new challenge in many areas, particularly in managing performance and managing security in a coherent way.
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010 retail ebook distribution
CSC, the global systems integration company, was quick to recognize this issue and first used the term trusted cloud to define the kind of environment that many organizations would want and expect from a cloud service provider.
The trusted cloud includes services that are
✓ Secure
✓ Transparent of control and result (whether it provides a full customer interface so that you can see how everything functions)
✓ Able to provide evidence that systems operate as advertised (whether it definitely meets the services levels it is supposed to be providing)
An organization might have many concerns in moving systems into an IaaS environment, but these are the primary ones.
Although companies clearly trust their Web sites to cloud providers, they’re much less likely to trust their mission-critical systems to the cloud. Secure cloud data centers exist. In a way, this type of trusted cloud is similar to what outsourcing specialists and managed service providers offer (plus a cloud customer interface that puts the customer directly in control).
Clearly standards will emerge in time so customers can select cloud services without making significant technical changes to either software or data. At the moment, however, no established standards exist, so those organizations moving systems into the cloud need to be concerned not just about the preceding points, but also about overall control of their systems.
The IaaS customer needs to be able to integrate all systems and software running in the cloud with other corporate systems and manage the whole as a single unit. This kind of orchestration of systems is a new challenge in many areas, particularly in managing performance and managing security in a coherent way.
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010 retail ebook distribution
Wednesday, September 12, 2012
Examining IaaS-Enabling Technology
The ability to offer IaaS requires software that can manage the infrastructure that’s being shared. In this area, two technologies are worth drawing attention to:
✓ AppLogic from 3Tera
✓ Eucalyptus, an open source initiative
AppLogic
3Tera, Inc., was founded in 2004 to develop system software for utility computing and cloud computing. In February 2006, it launched its AppLogic product, which has since been taken up by many service providers and cloud computing vendors.
You can think of AppLogic as management software that converts arrays of servers into virtualized resource pools that can be shared among multiple users.
The software enables users to create and retire virtual machines but also to define necessary infrastructure such as firewalls, VPNs, load balancers, and storage by using a browser interface. AppLogic enables the configuration of
✓ Virtual private servers
✓ Virtual private data centers (involving complex configuration of application infrastructure)
✓ Cloud data storage
✓ Software as a Service (SaaS) applications
AppLogic is sold either on a usage basis or by software license, so it can be used in house for private clouds. The product has been so successful among service providers that it enables hybrid situations where a customer uses more than one provider. It’s also useful in migrating from a private cloud to a public cloud.
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is a rather forced acronym standing for Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs To Useful Systems. Unfortunately the name doesn’t give a reasonable description of what the software does.
Eucalyptus is a system for implementing on-premise private and hybrid clouds, using the hardware and software infrastructure that’s in place, without modification. In effect, it’s an add-on capability for data center virtualization to create genuine cloud capability such as self-service provisioning, security, performance management, and end-user customization.
Eucalyptus is open source, so the software can be downloaded free and it is also shipped with the Ubuntu 9.04 (and later) distribution of Linux. It is thus becoming the default open-source cloud capability. It is implemented by using commonly available Linux tools and basic Web service technologies.
The current interface to Eucalyptus is compatible with Amazon’s EC2, S3, and Elastic Block Store (EBS) — a storage area network (SAN) in the cloud — interfaces, so it is possible to create a private cloud by using Eucalyptus with the intention of moving some or all of it onto EC2.
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010 retail ebook distribution
✓ AppLogic from 3Tera
✓ Eucalyptus, an open source initiative
AppLogic
3Tera, Inc., was founded in 2004 to develop system software for utility computing and cloud computing. In February 2006, it launched its AppLogic product, which has since been taken up by many service providers and cloud computing vendors.
You can think of AppLogic as management software that converts arrays of servers into virtualized resource pools that can be shared among multiple users.
The software enables users to create and retire virtual machines but also to define necessary infrastructure such as firewalls, VPNs, load balancers, and storage by using a browser interface. AppLogic enables the configuration of
✓ Virtual private servers
✓ Virtual private data centers (involving complex configuration of application infrastructure)
✓ Cloud data storage
✓ Software as a Service (SaaS) applications
AppLogic is sold either on a usage basis or by software license, so it can be used in house for private clouds. The product has been so successful among service providers that it enables hybrid situations where a customer uses more than one provider. It’s also useful in migrating from a private cloud to a public cloud.
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is a rather forced acronym standing for Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs To Useful Systems. Unfortunately the name doesn’t give a reasonable description of what the software does.
Eucalyptus is a system for implementing on-premise private and hybrid clouds, using the hardware and software infrastructure that’s in place, without modification. In effect, it’s an add-on capability for data center virtualization to create genuine cloud capability such as self-service provisioning, security, performance management, and end-user customization.
Eucalyptus is open source, so the software can be downloaded free and it is also shipped with the Ubuntu 9.04 (and later) distribution of Linux. It is thus becoming the default open-source cloud capability. It is implemented by using commonly available Linux tools and basic Web service technologies.
The current interface to Eucalyptus is compatible with Amazon’s EC2, S3, and Elastic Block Store (EBS) — a storage area network (SAN) in the cloud — interfaces, so it is possible to create a private cloud by using Eucalyptus with the intention of moving some or all of it onto EC2.
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010 retail ebook distribution
Friday, September 7, 2012
Cloud and Virtualization Standardization Efforts
Standardization is important to ensure interoperability between virtualization mangement vendors, the virtual machines produced by each one of them, and cloud computing. Here, we will have look at the prevalent standards that make cloud computing and virtualization possible. In the past few years, virtualization standardization efforts led by the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) have produced standards for almost all the aspects of virtualization technology. DMTF initiated the VMAN (Virtualization Management Initiative), which delivers broadly supported interoperability and portability standards for managing the virtual computing lifecycle. VMAN’s OVF (Open Virtualization Format) in a collaboration between industry key players: Dell, HP, IBM, Microsoft, XenSource, and Vmware. OVF specification provides a common format to package and securely distribute virtual appliances across multiple virtualization platforms. VMAN profiles define a consistent way of managing a heterogeneous virtualized environment.
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010
Tuesday, September 4, 2012
Private Cloud and Infrastructure Services
A private cloud aims at providing public cloud functionality, but on private resources, while maintaining control over an organization’s data and resources to meet security and governance’s requirements in an organization. Private cloud exhibits a highly virtualized cloud data center located inside your organization’s firewall. It may also be a private space dedicated for your company within a cloud vendor’s data center designed to handle the organization’s workloads.
Private clouds exhibit the following characteristics:
» Allow service provisioning and compute capability for an organization’s users in a self-service manner.
» Automate and provide well-managed virtualized environments.
» Optimize computing resources, and servers’ utilization.
» Support specific workloads.
There are many examples for vendors and frameworks that provide infrastructure as a service in private setups. The best-known examples are Eucalyptus and.
It is also important to highlight a third type of cloud setup named “hybrid cloud,” in which a combination of private/internal and external cloud resources exist together by enabling outsourcing of noncritical services and functions in public cloud and keeping the critical ones internal. Hybrid cloud’s main function is to release resources from a public cloud and to handle sudden demand usage, which is called “cloud bursting.”
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010
Private clouds exhibit the following characteristics:
» Allow service provisioning and compute capability for an organization’s users in a self-service manner.
» Automate and provide well-managed virtualized environments.
» Optimize computing resources, and servers’ utilization.
» Support specific workloads.
There are many examples for vendors and frameworks that provide infrastructure as a service in private setups. The best-known examples are Eucalyptus and.
It is also important to highlight a third type of cloud setup named “hybrid cloud,” in which a combination of private/internal and external cloud resources exist together by enabling outsourcing of noncritical services and functions in public cloud and keeping the critical ones internal. Hybrid cloud’s main function is to release resources from a public cloud and to handle sudden demand usage, which is called “cloud bursting.”
Source of Information : cloud computing for dummies 2010
Saturday, September 1, 2012
4G Vision
The 4G systems are projected to solve the still-remaining problems of 3G systems [1 – 3] . They are designed to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of BWA communication systems, not only cellular systems. 4G is described as MAGIC — Mobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, I ntegrated wireless solution, and Customized personal service. The 4G systems will not only support the next generation mobile services, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructure. The future 4G systems will consist of a set of various networks using IP as a common protocol. 4G systems will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multiple of wireless systems and networks. The key is to integrate the 4G capabilities with all the existing mobile technologies through the advanced techniques of digital communications and networking.
Source of Information : Elsevier Wireless Networking Complete
Source of Information : Elsevier Wireless Networking Complete
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