The Single-Drive Device LurkingThrilled by what I was seeing, I started to consider building a small appliance of my own, and Western Digital’s sudden revamping of its product line brought the eBay prices of older models below the $100 mark, which converged nicely with my manager’s request for a daily backup scheme enabling downtimes of less than a day should the worst happen to my laptop. So, off I went, intent on hacking out my own Linux-based NAS. I acquired two units: the smaller, single-drive 500GB model (less than $100 on eBay at the time of this writing) and a larger, RAID-capable, twin-drive model spanning one terabyte ($300 for a used unit).
Given the ever-falling prices of hardware and the expanding product offering, you should be able to purchase these at lower prices or with larger capacities. It also is worth noting that nothing prevents carefully opening up the device’s innards and replacing the enclosed SATA drives with larger-capacity ones. One final bit of shopping advice: the drives addressed in this article are Ethernet-capable World Edition models, all of which have entirely white cases.
THE HARDWARE
Upon first inspection, the device resembles a small book, with a perforated, Morse-code patterned edge that enables venting— if you actually decode the message, you will find a few words and a couple typos in it. The unit is rather silent and generates no more noise than the average hard drive. The front of the device sports two concentric LED rings, circling a single button used to power on and off the device. In addition to showing the on/off state of the device, the LEDs also are used to visualize disk activity as well as to provide a stylish disk capacity gauge.
On the inside are one or two 500GB 7,200 RPM SATA drives and a small board housing an Oxford Semiconductor 0XE800 ARM CPU with an ARM926EJ-S core, a 32MB Hynix RAM chip and the Via Cicada Simpliphy vt6122 Gigabit Ethernet chipset. The device also includes an externally accessible USB port to supplement the RJ-45 Ethernet connector, and it supports AES-128 encryption in-hardware. Despite its limited RAM capacity, Linux’s conservative use of resources puts little bounds on the uses the device reasonably can be put to by your creativity. Do not plan to saturate the Gigabit Ethernet link, however, because the CPU will not carry you much beyond 5MB/sec—a limitation that does not affect singleuser backup or applications involving several users.
The drives are ext-3 formatted in the World Edition series, as NAS access shields the predominant Windows and Macintosh user population from the actual filesystem choice— a detail that is exceedingly convenient, as it allows you to pull drives from the device and mount them in any Linux host for recovery should the support board ever fail.
The built-in Web interface provides easy accessto basic Samba configuration.
FIRST PACKETS
Initially, you need to boot in the “World of Warcraft” partition of your system—the one running one of those proprietary operating systems—and install the Western Digital MioNet Access tools. You will need these only for the initial step—to find out what IP address your as-of-yet uncommunicative device has received from DHCP; you will not need the WD tools afterward. If you have a network sniffer set up, it may be faster for you simply to catch the DHCP assignment as it happens and save the time of registration and download. You also can check your DHCP server tables, if you have access to them, or simply read the data off the mounted Windows share that will be set up once you install the tools. Either way, once you are in possession of the IP address the device is using, you will point a Web browser to it and configure the settings that the Web interface exposes. You will be asked to provide authentication, which will match the credentials you created during the WD setup process, or, if you used a more exotic process, it will use the system defaults (“admin”, with a password of “123456”).
The device’s built-in WD Shared Storage Manager is a very lightweight and useful application, which you will leave enabled, even in this Linux-centric setup, as a convenient way to create users and carry out the most common configuration tasks. I recommend you take the time to configure most settings exposed here as part of your initial customization, as the convenience simply cannot be outdone. At a minimum, you should iterate over the General Setup section and configure your device name and workgroup (these configure Samba), date and time, and review your network settings. As preparation for the next step, you need to create a user (File Sharing→User Management) that you will use to log in at the console, as access via your existing Web administrator account will not be permitted. advantages and offers the total capacity of both drives combined, and data mirroring (RAID 1), which provides the storage capacity of only one of the drives but protects you by creating two fully redundant copies of your data. The default setting (Drive Management→Change Drive Type) is data striping— should you want to change it, this is the time to do it. Once a RAID rebuild is started, all data on the shared, nonsystem part of the drive will be lost. More important, although the drive shares will become writable in a few minutes while the rebuild is still underway, wait until it has completed entirely as you will need to tinker with the device’s firmware upgrade path next (and triggering reboots while the RAID array is rebuilding is a surefire way to tempt fate into bricking your device). Just let it run overnight and come back to it the next morning. You can see whether the rebuild has completed by checking the drive status in the Shared Storage Manager; it will switch back from synchronizing to OK.
VOIDING WARRANTIES
To start unlocking the multifaceted abilities of this wonderful device, you first need to obtain console access. To be clear, this voids the device’s warranty, as Western Digital obviously is not in the business of supporting Linux servers in all their possible configurations and software options, and that kind of flexibility is precisely what we are after. Bear in mind that although these steps were researched and verified conscientiously, the author and Linux Journal accept no liability for rendering your device inoperable as a result of these instructions—proceed at your own risk.
The WD Hacking community was spawned by Martin Hinner’s creation of a backdoor process that uses the drive’s built-in firmware update process to reset the device’s root password, spawn the SSH dæmon and generate the SSH host keys. Just like everyone else, let’s head to Martin’s Web page (see Resources) and follow the instructions found there. In effect, all you have to do is navigate to a URL on your device. The URL includes a GET parameter for the upgrade script to run. The parameter references a script on Martin’s site, but this script, rather than performing an upgrade, generates SSH keys, clears the root password and starts the SSH dæmon.
Once the “upgrade” is initiated, you will not receive feedback on the Web page that it has completed, and you probably should not do anything to your device in this interval, lest you rouse those bricking fairies. Simply wait three minutes, then start attempting to log in via SSH with the user (not administrator and not root) account you created earlier in the Shared Storage Manager. As soon as you see the SSH dæmon respond with a login prompt, you will know the break-in succeeded. If you set up your user account correctly, you will be able to log in. If you are having trouble logging in, take care that your user name is spelled in CAPS (ssh USER@ipaddress), as you will note that the user management Web interface creates all accounts in that fashion. One more troubleshooting tip: the latest firmware revisions actually output a message that the update has failed, although the SSH dæmon has, in fact, been spawned successfully and is ready for your connection. Once successfully logged in to your device, you can escalate your privileges by switching user to root (su -) as the superuser password is now blank. You will need to carry out a few tasks—the first one of which is adding the SSH dæmon to the default startup list to ensure that your newly gained access lasts past your next reboot. Head to /etc/inittab, and add the following after the system startup section:
# Start a few good daemons
::sysinit:/usr/sbin/sshd
After making your changes, make sure they have been written to disk by doing a “sync”, and fix a few details of your user account, such as granting yourself a home directory and possibly a lowercase user name. Do all your /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow housekeeping before rebooting to verify that the SSH dæmon is now spawning by default and that your user accounts are working as intended.
GRAND TOUR
You’re past the most difficult point; now you can proceed to explore the system and tweak it to your heart’s content. Unless you plan to use the MioNet service, some recommend switching its dæmon off, as it is a Java process that weighs on both CPU and RAM. As the MioNet service enables wide-area file sharing, I elected to turn off the service, but to do so cleanly, in case I decided I needed the functionality after all. Edit /etc/init.d/post_network_start.sh, and comment out line 17 of the script:
$SCRIPTS_PATH/crond.sh start
# $SCRIPTS_PATH/mionet.sh start
touch $POST_NETWORK_STARTED_FILE
This stops the dæmon from being spawned automatically at boot, but if you need its services, you can start it up from the Shared Storage Manager interface (General Setup→WD Anywhere Access) as needed, giving you the best of both worlds. The system is built around a 2.6.17.14 kernel, with BusyBox centralizing many of the command-line tools. There are no man pages, but the system is an otherwise reasonable minimal Linux instance, including the majority of the common management levers (ps, top, free, ifconfig, wget and so on) as well as a development toolchain with all the trimmings (gcc 3.4.2, gmake and so on), enabling you to build any software that may be missing. The mounts show a good picture of the device:
# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
rootfs 2.8G 277M 2.4G 11% /
/dev/root 2.8G 277M 2.4G 11% /
/dev/md3 950M 19M 884M 3% /var
/dev/md4 455G 199M 455G 1% /shares/internal
It also is worth mentioning that on the dual-drive unit, the system partitions are mirrored by default, regardless of the RAID state of the share space:
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [raid1]
md1 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0]
2939776 blocks [2/2] [UU]
Source of Information : Linux Journal Issue 183 July 2009
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